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Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2020The study was conducted during tick activity season over a period of 5 years in the Djurdjura Plains, Algeria. A total of 299 cattle (Holstein, Montbeliard, Fleckvieh...
The study was conducted during tick activity season over a period of 5 years in the Djurdjura Plains, Algeria. A total of 299 cattle (Holstein, Montbeliard, Fleckvieh and crossbred animals) with clinical signs were included in this study. A total of 171 animals were found positive for at least one pathogen by Giemsa-stained blood smears examination Theileria annulata (136/299, 45.5%), Babesia bovis (14/299, 4.7%), B. bigemina (3/299, 1.0%) and Anaplasma marginale (12/299, 4.0%) were identified. Six animals were co-infected by T. annulata and A. marginale. Although no ticks were collected from diseased animals, clinical signs in cattle were hyperthermia (120/136, 88.3%), gluttony followed by anorexia (113/136, 83.1%), lymph node enlargement (99/136, 72.8%), anaemia (82/136, 60.3%), icterus (58/136, 42.6%) and haemoglobinuria (36/136, 26.5%). Gluttony followed by anorexia was considered highly suggestive of an incubation of tropical theileriosis as shown by a higher receptivity index (IR = 0.89-1). This clinical sign is evident in young Montbeliard and young Holstein males with anaemia (IR = 1) and icterus (IR = 0.78-0.81) which is earlier than haemoglobinuria (IR = 0.51-0.54). The incidence of T. annulata was maximum in July (n = 57), as well as B. bovis (n = 6) and A. marginale (n = 13). These results highlight the preponderance of tropical theileriosis in north-central Algeria, where gluttony followed by anorexia is probably a prodromal symptom during the incubation period of the disease.
Topics: Algeria; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Incidence; Male; Theileriasis
PubMed: 32558239
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.305 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Jan 2020Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, which consists of six species affecting livestock and wild animals, and humans,...
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, which consists of six species affecting livestock and wild animals, and humans, worldwide. Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the most important species for veterinary and human health. Infections of livestock have a noticeable economic impact due to reduced growth or loss of animals. This study provides information on anaplasmosis in animal populations of countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Relevant national and international scientific publications were evaluated for studies of the epidemiology of anaplasmosis between 1959 and 2019. The serological assay results showed a prevalence of 13.5%-89.7% in cattle in North Africa, and 35%-36% in cattle, 44.7%-94% in small ruminants and 10.83% in camels in Middle Eastern countries. Sample positivity for Anaplasma species by molecular assays revealed a range of 3.5%-69.3% in cattle, 2.5%-95% in small ruminants and 17.7%-88.89% in camels in North African countries and 95% of cattle, 15.5%-66.7% of small ruminants and 28%-95.5% of camels in the Middle East. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of all six Anaplasma species in North Africa and of Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum in the Middle East was reported in livestock. This review shows that anaplasmosis is endemic in North Africa and the Middle East and represents a threat not only to the economies of these countries but also to public health. Thus, surveillance and implementation of control measures are important tools to optimise future strategic control programmes and prevent spread to neighbouring countries.
PubMed: 35275116
DOI: 10.20506/rst.39.3.3196 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022spp. are obligate intracellular, tick-borne, bacterial pathogens that cause bovine and human anaplasmosis. We lack tools to prevent these diseases in part due to major...
spp. are obligate intracellular, tick-borne, bacterial pathogens that cause bovine and human anaplasmosis. We lack tools to prevent these diseases in part due to major knowledge gaps in our fundamental understanding of the tick-pathogen interface, including the requirement for and molecules involved in iron transport during tick colonization. We determine that iron is required for the pathogen , which causes bovine anaplasmosis, to replicate in tick cells. Using bioinformatics and protein modeling, we identified three orthologs of the Gram-negative siderophore-independent iron uptake system, FbpABC. Am069, the ortholog of FbpA, lacks predicted iron-binding residues according to the NCBI conserved domain database. However, according to protein modeling, the best structural orthologs of Am069 are iron transport proteins from Cyanobacteria and . We then determined that all three genes are modestly differentially expressed in response to altered host cell iron levels, despite the lack of a Ferric uptake regulator or operon structure. This work is foundational for building a mechanistic understanding of iron uptake, which could lead to interventions to prevent bovine and human anaplasmosis.
Topics: Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Cattle; Dermacentor; Humans; Iron
PubMed: 35409307
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073941 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1992This review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in Latin America. Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and B.... (Review)
Review
This review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in Latin America. Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemia will be emphasized. The disease is endemic in most countries and poses a serious economic burden on livestock production in the region (U.S. $1365 million/year, FAO, 1989). Of the estimated 250 million cattle in Central and South America, approximately 175 million (70%) are in tick-infested regions. Humid, tropical and subtropical areas favor development of the main vector, the one-host tick Boophilus microplus. In many regions bovine babesiosis is enzootically stable as a consequence of a balanced host-parasite relationship. However, Latin America offers a wide range of epidemiologic conditions that are influenced by variations from tropical to cool climates and by susceptible purebred cattle that are regularly imported to upgrade local stocks. The control measures employed in most countries for babesiosis essentially rely on chemotherapy, use of acaricides for B. microplus, and to a lesser degree, on immunization methods. In general, these measures are expensive, time consuming, and in many cases, provide limited success. Finally, the zoonotic potential of babesiosis will be addressed, with special emphasis on the situation in the United States. Even though bovine babesiosis has long been eradicated from the U.S.A., human babesiosis is endemic in the northeastern region of the country.
Topics: Anaplasmosis; Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Climate; Comorbidity; Deer; Disease Susceptibility; Europe; Humans; Immunization; Insecticides; Latin America; Lyme Disease; Peromyscus; Prevalence; Ticks; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 1343700
DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761992000700003 -
BMC Veterinary Research Oct 2022Natural service breeding is common in U.S. cow-calf operations. Diseases impacting bull reproductive performance have significant economic consequences for producers....
BACKGROUND
Natural service breeding is common in U.S. cow-calf operations. Diseases impacting bull reproductive performance have significant economic consequences for producers. Anaplasmosis may be an underappreciated cause of poor reproductive performance in bulls. The primary systemic effects of bovine anaplasmosis including anemia, fever, and weight loss, can all result in unsatisfactory reproductive performance. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate breeding soundness examination (BSE) outcomes and clinical changes in bulls during and upon resolution of clinical anaplasmosis. Anaplasma marginale-challenged bulls were observed for clinical disease and infection progression and changes in breeding soundness compared to uninfected control bulls for 16 weeks.
RESULTS
All Anaplasma marginale-challenged bulls were PCR-positive, seropositive, and showed clinical signs by 3-, 17-, and 24-days post-challenge, respectively. Clinical signs of anaplasmosis included pallor, icterus, fever (≥ 40.2 °C), and weight loss. Acute anemia was observed in all challenged bulls with PCV nadirs ≤ 18% and peak percent parasitized erythrocyte ≥ 50%. Decreased scrotal circumference and poor semen quality (e.g., increased percentage of abnormal spermatozoa, decreased progressively motile sperm), were initially observed within days after onset of clinical anaplasmosis signs and continued weeks beyond disease resolution. Control bulls remained negative for A. marginale.
CONCLUSION
This pilot study demonstrates that clinical anaplasmosis reduces breeding soundness in beef bulls. Anaplasmosis should be considered as a differential for bulls with decreased semen quality, especially within endemic areas. A 90 day or greater retest window is recommended for bulls of unsatisfactory breeding potential recently recovered from clinical anaplasmosis.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Male; Semen Analysis; Anaplasmosis; Pilot Projects; Semen; Scrotum; Weight Loss; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36309670
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03470-7 -
Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases Dec 2021Out of 931 species of ticks, is the most widely studied tick species due to its pivotal role in transmission of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, resulting in huge economic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Out of 931 species of ticks, is the most widely studied tick species due to its pivotal role in transmission of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, resulting in huge economic loss in cattle and buffalo's industry. Chemical control using deltamethrin forms the mainstay of tick control strategy because of high potency and low toxicity. However, inadvertent use of deltamethrin has led to the development of deltamethrin resistance in field ticks.
METHODS
The engorged female ticks were collected in a plastic container covered with a cotton plug from 10 places (Jarwa, Barwa, Khajakhera, Banisi, Nakipur, Dhangar, Badopal, Shivalya Dharamshala, Siwani and Meham) of five districts of western Haryana. The Larval Packet Test (LPT) was conducted for the characterization of resistance in field tick.
RESULTS
In the present study, ticks were collected from 10 places from 5 districts of western Haryana and evaluated against deltamethrin using larval packed test. The LC values (confidence interval) of ticks larvae against deltamethrin collected from Nakipur, Dhangar, Barwa, Badopal, Shivalya Dharamshala, Siwani, Jarwa, Khajakhera, Meham and Banisi are 73.6 (67.2-81.9), 61.2 (61.6-98.5), 52.7 (14.4-101.0), 140.0 (86.7-448.6), 65.8 (37.1-95.2), 232.1 (201.0-304.7), 3.72 (0.20-9.87), 21.3 (12.0-31.6), 107.6 (96.8-127.6), 54.2 (43.4-58.4) ppm, respectively. The resistance factor ranges from 0.31 to 11.86, indicating variable resistance among field isolates.
CONCLUSION
Data generated on deltamethrin resistance status in R. microplus from Haryana, India can be used as an indicator for the management of the species in the state.
PubMed: 36644303
DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i4.10503 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022spp., causative agents of anaplasmosis, pose significant a threat to public health and economic losses in livestock farming. Co-infections/co-existence of various spp....
BACKGROUND
spp., causative agents of anaplasmosis, pose significant a threat to public health and economic losses in livestock farming. Co-infections/co-existence of various spp. may facilitate pathogen interactions and the emergence of novel variants, represent potential dangers to public health and economic losses from livestock farming, and raise challenges of detection and diagnosis. The information regarding co-infection/co-existence of in their vector ticks and wild animals is limited and needs urgent investigation.
METHODS
Wild hedgehogs and ticks from hedgehogs and cattle were collected from Jiangsu province, Eastern China, and DNA was extracted from hedgehog organs and tick homogenates. Various genera of species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR amplifications targeting 16S ribosomal RNA (), , or gene coupled with sequencing were conducted to identify spp.
RESULTS
(1, 0.6%), (2, 1.2%), variants xyn10pt-1 (13, 7.7%), xyn21pt-2 (3, 1.8%), and xyn3pt-3 (3, 1.8%), variant cwp72bo-1 (12, 7.1%), and a novel Cryptoplasma sp. (1, 0.6%) were identified in 168 ticks from cattle. variant xyn10pt-1 (20, 11.4%) and variants cwp72bo-1 (12, 6.9%) and cwp55-36bo-2 (1, 0.6%) were detected in 173 ticks from hedgehogs. However, only variant cwp72bo-1 (15, 46.7%) was identified in 32 hedgehogs. Various co-existence combinations were found only in ticks.
CONCLUSION
The co-existence of various spp. and variants in and was detected for the first time in the world. The high infection rate of in hedgehogs and its moderate infection rate in their parasitic ticks suggest that hedgehog could be an important reservoir of , rather than . Horizontal transmission of spp. may exist among different tick species their shared hosts in the investigated area. This study provided epidemiological data that could be crucial for strategy development for early warning, prevention, and control of potential infections.
PubMed: 35756069
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913650 -
Parasites & Vectors Sep 2020Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the main cause of bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt, data regarding the...
BACKGROUND
Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the main cause of bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt, data regarding the prevalence of A. marginale in ruminant hosts and of the circulating genotypes is lacking. This study therefore aimed to (i) investigate the presence, epidemiology and genotypes of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt, (ii) to evaluate suitable diagnostic tools and (iii) to identify co-infections of A. marginale with other selected tick-borne pathogens.
METHODS
Blood samples were collected from 394 animals (309 cattle and 85 buffaloes) from three different areas in Egypt. For the detection of A. marginale infection, several tests were compared for their sensitivity and specificity: blood smear analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR, real-time PCR and reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Co-infections with A. marginale, piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae were surveyed by RLB while A. marginale genotypes were identified by amplifying and sequencing the partial msp1α gene.
RESULTS
Anaplasma marginale DNA was amplified by qPCR in 68.3% of cattle and 29.4% of buffaloes. RLB showed infection with A. marginale in 50.2% of cattle and 42.5% of buffaloes. Blood smear analysis detected this agent in 16.2% of cattle and 2.4% of buffaloes. ELISA showed specific antibodies against A. marginale in 54.9% of cattle. Anaplasma marginale was associated, in cattle and buffaloes, with several tick-borne pathogens (Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia occultans and Anaplasma platys). A significant difference of A. marginale infection level was noticed in cattle, where animals between 3-5-years-old had a higher prevalence (79.2%) compared to those older than 5 years (36.4%) and younger than 3 years (59.7%) and one year (64.5%), respectively (P = 0.002281). Microsatellite analysis identified 15 different genotypes.
CONCLUSIONS
The epidemiological findings revealed high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in all the investigated areas. The circulation of diverse genotypes was observed, most of these A. marginale genotypes being specific for Egypt. The qPCR assay was confirmed to be the most sensitive tool for detection of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes even in the carrier state, highlighting the importance of using suitable diagnostic tests.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmataceae; Anaplasmataceae Infections; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coinfection; Egypt; Genotype; Male; Phylogeny
PubMed: 32993778
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04372-z -
Veterinary World Sep 2020Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases that threaten livestock production with subsequent considerable economic losses. This study was conducted to diagnose...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases that threaten livestock production with subsequent considerable economic losses. This study was conducted to diagnose and infection using molecular techniques in imported Aberdeen Angus cattle imported from Uruguay to El-Kharga Oasis in New Valley, Egypt, and to investigate the effects of disease on some serum biochemical and oxidative stress parameters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Blood samples were collected from 31 cattle, 21 diseased and ten apparently normal, of varying ages and sex. The blood was used for the preparation of blood smears, polymerase chain reaction assay, and separation of serum for biochemical investigation. The experimental production farm at the Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University, was infested with ticks and variable clinical manifestations during the period from December 2017 to March 2018. One calf died of a suspected blood parasite infection.
RESULTS
The blood film examination revealed infection by blood parasites in 21 samples. and were identified in 12 and 14 samples, respectively. A total of 14 samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make these identifications. Biochemical parameters showed significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin (T. Bil), and urea in blood from parasite-infected female cattle and male calves compared with controls. Increased serum total protein, globulin, and creatinine were recorded only in infected female cattle. The blood glucose level was significantly decreased in infected female cattle and male calves compared with controls. Furthermore, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio was significantly reduced in the infected female cattle. Oxidative stress profiles of infected animals showed a significant increase in serum nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, and both total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly reduced in comparison with control animals.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of and infection is high in imported Aberdeen Angus cattle in New Valley Province. PCR methods provide a short-term assessment of disease. An extensive epidemiological survey, employing serology together with molecular genetic methods, monitoring of abundance and distribution of tick vectors, availability of vaccination programs, and tracking of animal transport is also needed for control of blood parasites.
PubMed: 33132601
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1884-1891 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis are serious tick-borne diseases (TBDs) that are concerning for the public and animal health. This study aimed to detect the molecular...
Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis are serious tick-borne diseases (TBDs) that are concerning for the public and animal health. This study aimed to detect the molecular prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of Piroplasma and Anaplasma species in animal hosts and their associated ticks in Egypt. A total of 234 blood samples and 95 adult ticks were collected from animal hosts (112 cattle, 38 sheep, 28 goats, 26 buffaloes, 22 donkeys, and 8 horses) from six provinces of Egypt (AL-Faiyum, AL-Giza, Beni-Suef, Al-Minufia, Al-Beheira, and Matruh). Blood and tick samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction coupled with sequencing targeting 18S and 16S RNA genes for Piroplasma and anaplasmataceae, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted on the potential epidemiological factors. Of the 234 animals examined, 54 (23.08%) were positive for pathogens DNA distributed among the six provinces, where 10 (4.27%) were positive for Piroplasma, 44 (18.80%) for anaplasmataceae, and 5 (2.14%) were co-infected. Co-infections were observed only in cattle as Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale plus Babesia bigemina, A. marginale plus B. bigemina, and T. annulata plus B. bigemina. Piroplasmosis was recorded in cattle, with significant differences between their prevalence in their tick infestation factors. Animal species, age, and tick infestation were the potential risk factors for anaplasmosis. All ticks were free from piroplasms, but they revealed high prevalence rates of 72.63% (69/95) with anaplasmataceae. We identified T. annulata, B. bigemina, and A. marginale in cattle; A. platys in buffaloes; A. marginale and A. ovis in sheep; for the first time, A. ovis in goats; and Ehrlichia sp. in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. Our findings confirm the significant prevalence of piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis among subclinical and carrier animals in Egypt, highlighting the importance of the government developing policies to improve animal and public health security.
PubMed: 36297251
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101194